Final, adjusted regression model for the risk of recurrent CDI.

<p>Final, adjusted regression model for the risk of recurrent CDI.</p

Final multivariate logistic regression models determining the associations between the regular use of zolpidem and CDI as well as CDI treated with antibiotics.

<p>Final multivariate logistic regression models determining the associations between the regular use of zolpidem and CDI as well as CDI treated with antibiotics.</p

The distribution of descriptive variables in the case and control groups, respectively.

<p>The distribution of descriptive variables in the case and control groups, respectively.</p

Univariate associations between collected predictor variables and <i>Clostridium difficile</i>-infection.

<p>Univariate associations between collected predictor variables and <i>Clostridium difficile</i>-infection.</p

Multivariate logistic regression models determining associations between the regular use of any GABA-modulator and CDI as well as CDI treated with antibiotics.

<p>Multivariate logistic regression models determining associations between the regular use of any GABA-modulator and CDI as well as CDI treated with antibiotics.</p

Glucosyltransferase activity in the serum samples.

<p>Rac1 glucosylation was assessed with serum from Case I on mRG1-1 cell (A) and Case II on Vero cells (B). mRG1-1 cells were co-cultured with serum (Case I) in the presence of A1H3 for 4hr at 37^°C. Vero cells were cultured with serum (Case II) alone for 4hr at same condition. Treated cells were lysed and non-glucosylated form Rac1 was detected by WB with specific anti-Rac1 (clone 102, BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA). Serum treatment led to glucosylation of Rac1, which was blocked by specific anti-TcdA or (and) TcdB antibody in Case I; and blocked by anti-TcdB not anti-TcdA in Case II. The data shown was a representative experiment from three independent experiments. The normalized data from 3 experiments (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124235#sec002" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>) were presented in the lower panels. <i>P</i> value < 0.05 was considered as significance when compared to negative control (cell cultured in medium only). *, p< 0.05; **, <i>p</i>< 0.01</p

Correlation of neutralizing antibody with detection limit of toxins in toxin-spiked sera from CDI patients.

<p>Randomly chose toxemia-negative serum samples were categorized into 3 groups based on levels of neutralizing antibodies (high titer, >80; medium titer, 20</p

Cytotoxicity induced by <i>C</i>. <i>difficile</i> toxins in CDI patient sera.

<p>Cell rounding was observed under microscopy in two serum samples from Case I (A, A’) and Case II (B, B’) by cell-based assay on mRG1-1 cells (A, B) and Vero cells (A’, B’). Cells cultured in medium were as negative controls. TcdA (50 pg/ml with A1H3)-treated mRG1-1 cell and TcdB (25 pg/ml)-treated Vero cell were served as positive controls. The sera (1:10 dilution) were added to cells and cell morphology changes were observed under a phase-contrast microscope.</p